Search

Search Results

• Food safety knowledge, hygiene practices among food handlers, and microbiological quality of animal side dishes in contract catering

  Ika Ratna Palupi, R. Dwi Budiningsari, Fikri Aulia Khoirunnisa, Alifah Sharfina Hanifi

  21-05-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12554

  5620

  Downloads: 3310

  HTML: 581
• 

  The implementation of the five keys to safer food in campus cafeterias and the effects on Escherichia coli contamination

  Dewi Susanna, Aria Kusuma, Tiara Mairani, Lassie Fitria

  19-11-2020

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8782

  1003

  Downloads: 572

  HTML: 23
• 

  Food shopping and food hygiene related knowledge and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of a developing country

  Hani Dimassi, Rita Haddad, Lama Mattar, Hussein Hassan, Rana Awada

  26-07-2021

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9384

  1508

  Downloads: 734

  HTML: 20
• 

  Evaluating food safety knowledge and practices among Saudi women in Al-Ahsa Region, Saudi Arabia

  Fahad Al-Asmari, Ahmed I.H. Ismail

  08-03-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.10716

  2243

  Downloads: 551

  HTML: 15
• 

  Food safety in collective catering: knowledge, attitudes and correct application of GHP/GMP knowledge among foodservice workers

  Chiara Disanto, Giuseppe Celano, Angela Dambrosio, Nicoletta Cristiana Quaglia, Giancarlo Bozzo, Antonio Tritto, Gaetano Vitale Celano

  19-01-2021

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8453

  2281

  Downloads: 1233

  HTML: 44

• Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among dairy wholesalers and retailers in Kandahar City, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study

  Ahmadullah Zahir, Hassanullah Irfan, Sayeed Hikmatullah Anis

  26-11-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.14171

  458

  Downloads: 389

  HTML: 15
• 

  Assessment of food safety knowledge, attitude, practices of food handlers and microbial contamination in foods at the canteens of a University in Pakistan

  Shinawar Waseem Ali, Mateen Ahmad, Memoona Asif, Rai Muhammad Amir, Ahmad Ali

  30-08-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2022.10051

  3819

  Downloads: 1168

  HTML: 847

• Behind the scenes of taste: an exploratory study of non-compliance in Italian artisanal bakery and pastry laboratories

  Sarah Currò, Stefania Balzan, Valentina Saccarola, Federico Fontana, Enrico Novelli, Luca Fasolato

  02-08-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12235

  1278

  Downloads: 639

  HTML: 17

• Analyzing consumer perceptions about food safety by applying the food-related lifestyle approach

  Iliriana Miftari, Drini Imami, Sina Ahmadi Kaliji, Maurizio Canavari, Ekrem Gjokaj

  05-02-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.11315

  2827

  Downloads: 881

  HTML: 62
• 

  Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers at kitchen premises in the Port ‘X’ area, North Jakarta, Indonesia 2018

  Muharnis Supriyani Putri, Dewi Susanna

  22-11-2021

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9215

  5407

  Downloads: 2278

  HTML: 119

• Assessment of the bacteriological contamination of selected street foods in open and closed environments in the city of Lucknow

  Ruchi Verma, Sunita Mishra

  27-11-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.13948

  395

  Downloads: 323

  HTML: 68

• Microbiological safety of dry-aged meat: a critical review of data gaps and research needs to define process hygiene and safety criteria

  Federica Savini, Valentina Indio, Federica Giacometti, Yitagele Terefe Mekkonnen, Alessandra De Cesare, Laura Prandini, Raffaele Marrone, Alessandro Seguino, Marika Di Paolo, Valeria Vuoso, Federico Tomasello, Andrea Serraino

  13-05-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12438

  3539

  Downloads: 1364

  HTML: 155

• “I’m better than you”: assessing the presence of optimistic bias among Italian hunters

  Annafrancesca Corradini, Eugenio Demartini, Roberto Viganò, Maria Elena Marescotti, Anna Gaviglio

  17-07-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.11523

  1377

  Downloads: 501

  HTML: 19
• 

  Food safety culture in food companies: evaluation of the perception of food safety culture in three Tuscan food companies

  Francesca Marconi, Martina Sartoni, Roberta Nuvoloni, Beatrice Torracca, Matteo Gagliardi, Giulia Zappalà, Alessandra Guidi, Francesca Pedonese

  08-03-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.11012

  2554

  Downloads: 943

  HTML: 54
• 

  Official controls on traditional and ethnic butchers: evidence gathered to improve food safety

  Giulia Bonifacino, Amaranta Traversa, Daniele Nucera, Roberta Bervini, Guido Bruatto, Emanuele Coruzzi, Maurizio Gilli, Arianna Mendolicchio, Emanuele Osella, Francesca Rubinetti, Enzo Stassi, Claudio Biglia, Tiziana Civera

  01-09-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.11130

  1396

  Downloads: 314

  HTML: 33
• 

  Hazard perception and possibility of simplifying food safety management systems in small businesses in Piedmont region, Italy

  Leonardo A. Ceballos, Davide Vercellino, Valeria D'Errico, Paola Barzanti, Lucia Decastelli, Luca Nicolandi, Mauro Negro, Giuseppe Ru

  01-04-2020

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8273

  1542

  Downloads: 923

  HTML: 36

• Dry-aged and dry-cured fish: a critical review of the literature and food safety aspects

  Francesca Troise, Federica Savini, Laura Prandini, Valentina Indio, Alessandra De Cesare, Margherita Masi, Yari Vecchio, Felice Panebianco, Tiziana Civera, Valentina Terio, Elisabetta Bonerba, Annamaria Pandiscia, Leonardo Alberghini, Andrea Serraino, Federica Giacometti

  12-01-2026

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.14097

  743

  Downloads: 311

  HTML: 24

• Food safety and consumption patterns in the Campania region during the COVID-19 emergency

  Roberta Brunetti, Stefania Cavallo, Eloise Peirce, Roberta Pellicanò, Diletta Mandato, Francesca Romano, Ivana Elefante, Germana Colarusso, Pellegrino Fenizia, Federica Gargano, Loredana Baldi, Rosa D’Ambrosio

  27-03-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.13375

  858

  Downloads: 272

  HTML: 16

• Food safety of Thai tea sold through an online platform application in Indonesia

  Nadila Cahyaningtyas, Trias Mahmudiono, Hsiu-Ling Chen, LiewPhing Pui, Rarinthorn Thammakulkrajang, Martina Puspa Wangi

  13-02-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.11136

  1546

  Downloads: 1482

  HTML: 12

• Effect of infrared technology on the behavior of Listeria monocytogens, Salmonella spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in homogenized raw vaccine milk: preliminary results

  Federica Savini, Federico Tomasello, Valentina Indio, Alessandra De Cesare, Mauro Fontana, Sara Panseri, Laura Prandini, Andrea Serraino, Federica Giacometti

  15-05-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12379

  1889

  Downloads: 533

  HTML: 35

• Beliefs about raw milk production and consumption and their relationship with health in Miraflores, Boyacá, Colombia

  Camilo E. Guarín-Patarroyo, Diego A. Restrepo Ochoa, Fabio A. Gomez-Sierra

  23-05-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.11280

  3132

  Downloads: 2274

  HTML: 107
• 

  Food safety knowledge and microbiological hygiene of households in selected areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa

  Mveli Cyril Mkhungo, Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji, Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi

  03-07-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.6887

  1883

  Downloads: 978

  HTML: 236

• Global perceptions and acceptance of irradiated food: a comparative systematic review

  Jaber Maataoui, Malek Abduljaber, Mohamed Khaddor

  24-02-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.12885

  1227

  Downloads: 1261

  HTML: 26
• 

  Behavior of Listeria innocua during the manufacturing and pit-ripening of Formaggio di Fossa di Sogliano PDO cheese

  Federica Giacometti, Paolo Daminelli, Laura Fiorentini, Elena Cosciani-Cunico, Paola Monastero, Elena Dalzini, Marina Nadia Losio, Giovanni Dell'Orfano, Rachele Rossini, Silvia Piva, Andrea Serraino

  19-08-2020

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8552

  1213

  Downloads: 586

  HTML: 80
• 

  Introduction of the nudging method in penitentiary facilities in Italy in view of food waste reduction: Preliminary data

  Vesna Milicevic, Rosa La Ginestra, Marta Castrica, Sabrina Ratti, Claudia M. Balzaretti, Giampaolo Colavita

  26-03-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.7841

  1351

  Downloads: 493

  HTML: 29
• 

  Survey on animal welfare in nine hundred and forty three Italian dairy farms

  Angelo Peli, Marco Pietra, Federica Giacometti, Antonella Mazzi, Gianluca Scacco, Andrea Serraino, Lorenzo Scagliarini

  03-03-2016

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2016.5832

  2748

  Downloads: 1223

  HTML: 498
• 

  Preliminary data on the microbial profile of dry and wet aged bovine meat obtained from different breeds in Sardinia

  Maria Pina Meloni, Francesca Piras, Giuliana Siddi, Rita Sanna, Roberta Lai, Fabrizio Simbula, Daniela Cabras, Maria Maurichi, Giovanna Asara, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis, Christian Scarano

  08-06-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.11060

  1884

  Downloads: 484

  HTML: 24

• Antilisterial activity of olive-derived polyphenols: an experimental study on meat preparations

  Rossana Roila, Valentina Stefanetti, Francesca Carboni, Caterina Altissimi, David Ranucci, Andrea Valiani, Raffaella Branciari

  20-05-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12447

  5366

  Downloads: 599

  HTML: 18
• 

  Official food safety audits in large scale retail trades in the time of COVID: system control experiences supported by an innovative approach

  Amaranta Traversa, Francesca Rubinetti, Sarah Lanzilli, Roberta Bervini, Guido Bruatto, Emanuele Coruzzi, Maurizio Gilli, Arianna Mendolicchio, Emanuele Osella, Enzo Stassi, Claudio Biglia

  05-12-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2022.10022

  980

  Downloads: 433

  HTML: 45

• Comprehensive review of salmonellosis: current status of the disease and future perspectives

  Ohoud S. Alhumaidan

  01-10-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12904

  1646

  Downloads: 477

  HTML: 43
• 

  Determination of plasmatic cortisol for evaluation of animal welfare during slaughter

  Edmondo Ceci, Patrizia Marchetti, Giorgio Samoilis, Stefano Sportelli, Rocco Roma, Roberta Barrasso, Giuseppina Tantillo, Giancarlo Bozzo

  29-09-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2017.6912

  1865

  Downloads: 964

  HTML: 255
• 

  Re-determination of the primary shelf-life of food products: what are the guarantees for the consumer?

  Massimo Renato Micheli, Leonardo Carosielli, Chiara Guarnieri, Alfonso Rosamilia

  08-06-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.11325

  1767

  Downloads: 434

  HTML: 34
• 

  Kebab: can the traditional cooking process sanitize a natural contamination by Listeria monocytogenes?

  Paolo Bonilauri, Roberto Leonelli, Gabriele Ferrarini, Diego Carobbi, Maria Cristina Ossiprandi, Michele Dottori, Antonio Cuccurese

  03-07-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7167

  1481

  Downloads: 932

  HTML: 155
• 

  Bread packaging techniques and trends

  Malathy Aravindan S., Periyar Selvam S., Vishnupriya Subramaniyan, Sanjana Subramanian, Mythili Sathiavelu

  05-12-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2022.10771

  4285

  Downloads: 1329

  HTML: 1318
• 

  Growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in six different RTE fruit products: impact of food matrix, storage temperature and shelf life

  Matthias Ziegler, Simon Rüegg, Roger Stephan, Claudia Guldimann

  08-10-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7581

  2051

  Downloads: 1233

  HTML: 53

• Does hunted wild boar meat meet modern consumer nutritional expectations?

  Sara Di Bella, Raffaella Branciari, Naceur M. Haouet, Marisa Framboas, Maria Lucia Mercuri, Michela Codini, Rossana Roila, Alessandra Malimpensa, David Ranucci

  22-02-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.11608

  2304

  Downloads: 498

  HTML: 55
• 

  Retrospective study on the hygienic quality of fresh ricotta cheeses produced in Sicily, Italy

  Maria Luisa Scatassa, Isabella Mancuso, Sonia Sciortino, Giusi Macaluso, Marisa Palmeri, Luigi Arcuri, Massimo Todaro, Cinzia Cardamone

  09-04-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.6911

  2314

  Downloads: 772

  HTML: 116

• Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw chicken meat in Iran: polymerase chain reaction ribotyping insights

  Mansoor Aletaha, Siamak Heidarzadeh, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal

  12-01-2026

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2026.13983

  274

  Downloads: 259

  HTML: 8
• 

  Quality assessment of Zeus faber (Peter’s fish) ovaries regularly commercialized for human consumption

  Filippo Giarratana, Graziella Ziino, Valerio D'Andrea, Antonio Panebianco, Alessandro Giuffrida

  09-04-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.6997

  1986

  Downloads: 679

  HTML: 118

• Incidence rates of tumors in dogs in southern Italy – focus on the Campania region – 2018/2022

  Maria Ottaiano, Loredana Baldi, Veronica Del Monaco, Roberta Brunetti, Roberta Pellicanò, Stefania Cavallo, Rosa D’Ambrosio, Federica Gargano, Maria Dimatteo, Marianna D’Amore, Guido Rosato, Marina Pompameo, Barbara degli Uberti, Esterina De Carlo

  10-07-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.13402

  754

  Downloads: 332

  HTML: 20
• 

  Microbiological challenge testing for Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food: a practical approach

  Carlo Spanu, Christian Scarano, Michela Ibba, Carlo Pala, Vincenzo Spanu, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis

  10-12-2014

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2014.4518

  3504

  Downloads: 2239

  HTML: 426
• 

  Occurrence and traceability of Salmonella spp. in five Sardinian fermented sausage facilities

  Francesca Piras, Carlo Spanu, Anna Maria Mocci, Mariella Demontis, Enrico Petro Luigi De Santis, Christian Scarano

  26-03-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.8011

  1280

  Downloads: 656

  HTML: 56
• 

  Occurrence of harmful algal species and shellfish toxicity in Sardinia (Italy)

  Anna Maria Bazzoni, Alessandro Graziano Mudadu, Giuseppa Lorenzoni, Igor Arras, Antonella Lugliè, Barbara Vivaldi, Valentina Cicotelli, Giovanna Sanna, Giuseppe Tedde, Salvatore Ledda, Enrico Alesso, Edoardo Marongiu, Sebastiano Virgilio

  02-11-2016

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2016.6095

  1591

  Downloads: 752

  HTML: 199
• 

  Consumers’ perception and knowledge of food safety: results of questionnaires accessible on IZSalimenTO website

  Amaranta Traversa, Daniela Manila Bianchi, Sara Astegiano, Antonio Barbaro, Maria Cristina Bona, Elisa Baioni, Francesca Rubinetti, Enrico Aliberti, Carlo Palazzo, Silvia Gallina, Lucia Decastelli

  02-04-2015

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2015.4533

  2401

  Downloads: 1479

  HTML: 769
• 

  Consumers’ attitude towards fish meat

  Francesca Conte, Annamaria Passantino, Sabrina Longo, Eva Voslářová

  11-09-2014

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2014.1983

  2641

  Downloads: 1713

  HTML: 402

• P09 | Influence of sampling depth on pH and aw in beef during dry aging for 45 days G. Polizzi¹, E. Zanato¹, L. Prandini¹, F. Savini¹, A. Seguino¹, V. Indio¹, L. Bardasi², S. Vianello², G. Merialdi², M. Ramini², A. De Cesare¹, A. Serraino¹. | ¹ Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO); ²Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna – Dipartimento della Sanità Pubblica, Bologna, Italy

  Giulia Polizzi

  09-09-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.14392

  352
• 

  Safety assessment of traditional Plaisentif cheese

  Daniele Pattono, Alessandra Dalmasso, Pier Giorgio Peiretti, Francesco Gai, Maria Teresa Bottero

  10-01-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9769

  1213

  Downloads: 469

  HTML: 20
• 

  Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the cheese making of traditional raw-milk cheeses from Italian Alps

  Elena Cosciani-Cunico, Elena Dalzini, Stefania Ducoli, Chiara Sfameni, Barbara Bertasi, Marina-Nadia Losio, Paolo Daminelli, Giorgio Varisco

  30-09-2015

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2015.4585

  1991

  Downloads: 1097

  HTML: 254
• 

  Staphylococcus aureus 2064 growth as affected by temperature and reduced water activity

  Alžbeta Medveďová, Adriana Havlíková, Veronika Lehotová, Ľubomír Valík

  05-12-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.8287

  1870

  Downloads: 1085

  HTML: 50
• 

  Evaluating Escherichia coli contamination in bivalve mollusks using the impedance method: a comparison with most probable number analyses and correlation with environmental parameters

  Sarah Currò, Luca Fasolato, Stefania Balzan, Giacomo Biziato, Francesco Paesanti, Luca Bargelloni, Barbara Cardazzo, Enrico Novelli

  08-06-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.11103

  1825

  Downloads: 466

  HTML: 18
• 

  Food safety knowledge and climate in the university canteens of three European countries

  Sanja Vidaček Filipec, Petra Ratković, András Bittsánszky, András József Tóth, João PM Lima, Ada Rocha

  11-07-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.10580

  1192

  Downloads: 483

  HTML: 16
• 

  Consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for graded beef in Polokwane municipality, South Africa

  Florah L. Makweya, Isaac B. Oluwatayo

  28-03-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.7654

  1467

  Downloads: 921

  HTML: 44

• Frequency, serotyping, antibiogram, and seasonality of Salmonella isolated from red meat markets

  Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Sarhang Hayyas Mohammed, Shaymaa Farooq Mala, Mohammed Naji Ahmed Odhah, Asaad Abdel Jalil Ahmood

  04-06-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2024.12521

  4748

  Downloads: 3982

  HTML: 26

• Seasonal prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles in Enterococcus spp. identified from mussels farmed along the coasts of the Abruzzo region

  Gianluigi Ferri, Vincenzo Olivieri, Chiara Di Vittori, Alberto Vergara

  02-04-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.13563

  1324

  Downloads: 658

  HTML: 14
• 

  Microbiological and physicochemical properties of smoked ricotta cheese during refrigeration and temperature abuse storage

  Christian Scarano, Carlo Spanu, Anna Maria Mocci, Francesca Piras, Mariella Demontis, Gavino Murittu, Giuliano Pinna, Angela Santoru, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis

  20-06-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.8009

  1696

  Downloads: 759

  HTML: 58
• 

  Assessment of contamination of Salmonella spp. in imported black pepper and sesame seed and salmonella inactivation by gamma irradiation

  Maria Cristina D'Oca, Anna Maria Di Noto, Antonio Bartolotta, Aldo Parlato, Luisa Nicastro, Sonia Sciortino, Cinzia Cardamone

  07-04-2021

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.8914

  1553

  Downloads: 763

  HTML: 37
• 

  Identification of virulence and antibiotic resistance factors in Arcobacter butzleri isolated from bovine milk by Whole Genome Sequencing

  Antonio Parisi, Loredana Capozzi, Angelica Bianco, Marta Caruso, Laura Latorre, Antonella Costa, Anna Giannico, Donato Ridolfi, Carmela Bulzacchelli, Gianfranco Santagada

  04-06-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.7840

  2389

  Downloads: 1032

  HTML: 100
• 

  Noise assessment in slaughterhouses by means of a smartphone app

  Maria Francesca Iulietto, Paola Sechi, Clelia Mansi Gaudenzi, Luca Grispoldi, Margherita Ceccarelli, Salvatore Barbera, Beniamino Terzo Cenci-Goga

  03-07-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7053

  3684

  Downloads: 935

  HTML: 288
• 

  Optimization of stunning electrical parameters to improve animal welfare in a poultry slaughterhouse

  Mariagrazia Girasole, Claudia Chirollo, Marina Ceruso, Lucia Vollano, Antonio Chianese, Maria Luisa Cortesi

  08-09-2015

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2015.4576

  2761

  Downloads: 1021

  HTML: 1440
• 

  Evaluation of vacuum packaging for extending the shelf life of Sardinian fermented sausage

  Giuliana Siddi, Francesca Piras, Maria Pina Meloni, Daniele Casti, Carlo Spanu, Carlo Pala, Anna Maria Mocci, Carlo Piga, Riccardo Di Salvo, Enrico De Santis, Christian Scarano

  08-06-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2023.10819

  2485

  Downloads: 520

  HTML: 22
• 

  Arcobacter spp. in bovine milk: An emerging pathogen with potential zoonotic risk

  Marta Caruso, Laura Latorre, Gianfranco Santagada, Rosa Fraccalvieri, Laura Maria Difato, Angela Miccolupo, Loredana Capozzi, Elisabetta Bonerba, Anna Mottola, Antonio Parisi

  08-02-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7685

  1486

  Downloads: 694

  HTML: 51