https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2025.12766
Food safety and public health implications by determining the antibiotic residues in animal-derived food commercially available in southern Punjab, Pakistan
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Published: 11 September 2025
This comprehensive study aimed to estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in beef, mutton, chicken, fish, and milk. Twenty fresh samples of chicken, mutton, beef, fish, and bovine milk were collected aseptically from retail shops in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to screen the samples for various antimicrobial residues. The ELISA screening of fish samples revealed residue contamination with tetracycline, as well as the metabolites 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) and 5-methyl-morpholino-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), with concentration ranges of 2.00-108 parts per billion (ppb), 0.09-0.47 ppb, and 0.01-1.08 ppb, respectively. Chicken samples showed residues of tetracycline, quinolone, AOZ, and AMOZ, with detected residual concentrations ranging from 5.60 to 126 ppb for tetracycline, 18 to 230 ppb for quinolone, 0.20 to 1.96 ppb for AOZ, and 0.01 to 1.02 ppb for AMOZ. In livestock, milk samples exhibited 100% contamination for penicillin and 10% for chloramphenicol residues, with concentrations of 0.2-4.1 ppb and 0.01-0.19 ppb, respectively. Beef samples tested positive for residues of penicillin (20%), tetracycline (40%), and chloramphenicol (45%), with residual ranges of 1.36-88 ppb for penicillin, 3.7-148 ppb for tetracycline, and 0.04-0.37 ppb for chloramphenicol. Mutton samples were contaminated with 10% tetracycline and 25% quinolones, showing residual ranges of 1.28-108 ppb for tetracycline and 34-520 ppb for quinolones. Out of 100 samples, 23 showed residues exceeding the maximum residue limit. Specifically, 30.4% of chicken samples, 17.3% of mutton samples, 30.4% of beef samples, 17.3% of milk samples, and 4.3% of fish samples were affected. This study conclusively demonstrated the presence of various antibiotic residues in food-producing animal samples.
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