Chemical composition, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and toxicity activities, of the essential oil of Fortunella margarita peels
https://doi.org/10.4081/jbr.2022.10641
Accepted: September 22, 2022
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
The purpose of this study was to identify the principal components of the essential oil extracted from Fortunella margarita peels via hydrodistillation and to evaluate in vitro its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and toxicity properties. Among the detected compounds were limonene, D-germacrene, β- myrcene, and α-pinene. Method of inhibiting the denaturation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was utilized to assess the antiinflammatory properties of Fortunella margarita. At a concentration of 400 g/mL, a high anti-inflammatory effect was observed. The percentage of BSA protection against heat increased with increasing concentration. Also, the evaluation of antidiabetic activity by glucose uptake by yeast cells revealed that Fortunella margarita was more effective than the standard drug novoformine in the presence of 5 mM glucose. The antioxidant potential of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests, where the essential oil had much lower antioxidant activity. A bioassay on the lethality of brine shrimp was conducted to determine the toxicity of the essential oil. The study reveals that the essential oil is a possible source of important bioactive compounds and that its constituents may exhibit synergistic effects. Our findings suggest that the essential oil from Fortunella margarita could be used in the future as a substitute for synthetic anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Koyasako A, Bernhard RA. Volatile constituents of essential oils of kumquat. J Food Sci 2011;48:1807-10.
Wang YW, Zeng WC, Xu PY, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) peel. Int J Mol Sci 2012;13:3382-93.
Liu XF, Liu BH, Jiang D, et al. The accumulation and composition of essential oil in kumquat peel. Sci Hortic 2019;252:121-9.
Oulebsir C, Mefti-Korteby H, Djazouli ZE, et al. Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium L. Leaves: Composition, antioxidant activity, elastase and collagenase inhibition. Agronomy 2022;12:1466.
Sandhu HK, Sinha P, Emanuel N, et al. Effect of ultrasound-assisted pretreatment on extraction efficiency of essential oil and bioactive compounds from Citrus waste by-products. Separations 2021;8:244.
Ferrero-Millani L, Nelsen OH, Anderson PS, Girardin SE. Chronic inflammation: Importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1 beta generation. Clin Exp Immunol 2007;147:227-35.
Roden M, Shulman GI. The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes. Nature 2019;576:51-60.
Bhutkar MA, Bhise SB. Studies on antiglycation potential of some traditional antidiabetic plants. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2013;3:60-63.
Adhikari-Devkota A, Kurauchi Y, Yamada T, et al. Anti-neuroinflammatory activities of extract and polymethoxy flavonoids from immature fruit peels of Citrus ‘Hebesu’. J Food Biochem 2019;43:e12813.
Gao Z, Gao W, Zeng SL, et al. Chemical structures, bioactivities and molecular mechanisms of Citrus polymethoxy flavones. J Funct Foods 2018;40:498-509.
Cirillo VP. Mechanism of glucose transport across the yeast cell membrane. J Bacteriol Res 1962;84:485-91.
Gambhire M, Juvekar A, Wankhede S. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Barleria cristata leaves by in vivo and in vitro methods. Int J Pharmacol 2009;7:1-6.
Gunathilake KDPP, Ranaweera KKDS, Rupasinghe HPV. Influence of boiling, steaming and frying of selected leafy vegetables on the in vitro anti-inflammation associated biological activities. Plant 2018;7:22.
Musa KH, Abdullah A, Jusoh K, Subramaniam V. Antioxidant activity of pink-flesh guava (Psidium guajava L.): effect of extraction techniques and solvents. Food Anal Methods 2011;4:100-7.
Yen GC, Chen HY. Antioxidant activity of various teas extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:27-32.
Miraliakbari H, Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of minor components of tree nut oils. Food Chem 2008;111:421-7.
Krishnaraju AV, Rao TVN, Sundararaju D, et al. Assessment of bioactivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. J Appl Sci Eng 2005;3:125-34.
Sicari V, Marco P. Comparison of the volatile component of the essential oil of kumquat (Fortunella margarita swingle) extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide, hydrodistillation and conventional solvent extraction. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2017;20:87-94.
Capello C, Calvarano I, Tonarelli de Rossin G, Retamar JA. Researches on Argentine kumquats of the Fortunella margarita genus. 1: essential oil. Essenze Deriv Agrum 1982;52:67-72.
Liu SZ, Liu HX, Zhang LX, Huang YM. Comparative analysis on chemical components in essential oils from the leaves and fruit peels of Fortunella margarita. Med plant 2012;3:43-46.
Koyasako A, Bernhard RA. Volatile constituents of the essential oil of kumquat. J Food Sci 1983;48:1807-12.
Sutour S, Luro F, Bradesi P, et al. Chemical composition of the fruit oils of five Fortunella species grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions in Corsica (France). Nat Prod Commun 2016;11:259-62.
Choi HS. Characteristic odor components of kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) peel oil. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:1642-7.
Mehanna MM, Mneimneh AT, Domiati S, Allam MN. Tadalafil-loaded limonene-based orodispersible tablets: formulation, in vitro characterization and in vivo appraisal of gastroprotective activity. Int J Nanomed 2020;15:10099-112.
González-Ramírez AE, González-Trujano ME, Hernandez-Leon A, et al. Limonene from Agastache mexicana essential oil produces antinociceptive effects, gastrointestinal protection and improves experimental ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;280:114462.
deVasconcelos CBJ, de Carvalho FO, de Vasconcelos CMD, et al. Mechanism of action of limonene in tumor cells: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2021;27:2956-65.
Oke F, Aslim B, Ozturk S, Altundag S. Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Food Chem 2009;112:874-9.
TeusinkB, Diderich JA, Westerhoff HV, et al. Intracellular glucose in derepressed yeast cells consuming glucose is high enough to reduce the glucose transport rate by 50%. J Bacteriol Res 1998;180:556-62.
Ukwubile CA, Odugu JA. Evaluation of antibacterial and in vitro antidiabetic activities of Phyllanthus amarus Linn. (phyllanthaceae) leaf ethanol extract. J Bacteriol Mycol 2018;6:254-6.
Liolios CC, Gortzi O, Lalas S, et al. Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Food Chem 2009;112:77-83.
Sonam B. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Citrus macroptera montr. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2020;13:99-101.
Sikkema J, de Bont JA, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev 1995;59:201-22.
Eleni F, Gregoria M, Katerina S, et al. Phytochemical profile and evaluation of the biological activities of essential oils derived from the greek aromatic plant species Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Pimpinella anisum and Fortunella margarita. Molecules 2016;21:1069.
Nouri A, Shafaghatlonbar A. Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of essential oil and organic extract from the peel and kernel parts of Citrus japonica Thunb. (kumquat) from Iran. Nat Prod Res 2016;30:1093-7.
Engy SS, Makris DP, Kefalas P. Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant characteristics of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) peel fractions. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2009;64:297-302.
Ogawa K, Kawasaki A, Omura M, et al. 3´,5´-Di-C-β-gluco-pyranosylphloretin, a flavonoid characteristic of the genus Fortunella. Phytochemistry 2001;57:737-42.
Ben Hsouna A, Ben Halima N, Smaoui S, Hamd N. Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids Health Dis 2017;16:146.
Amorati R, Foti MC, Valgimigli L. Antioxidant activity of essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61:10835-47.
Mohammedi Z, Atik F. Impact of solvent extraction type on total polyphenols content and biological activity from Tamarixaphylla (L.) karst, Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2011;2:609-15.
Mimica-Dukic N, Bozin B, Sokovic M, Simin N. Antimicrobial andantioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. J Agric Food Chem 2004;54:5313-22.
Maria GM. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: a short review. Molecules 2010;15:9252-87.
Kelen M, Tepe B. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Biores Technol 2008;99:4096-4104.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, et al. Brine Shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Med 1982;45:31-4.
Sivareddy B, Reginald BA, Sireesha D, et al. Antifungal activity of solvent extracts of Piper betle and Ocimum sanctum Linn on Candida albicans: An in vitro comparative study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol2019;23:333-7.
El-Zahaby S, Shokri S. Spectroscopic analysis medicinal herbs of Mentha longifolia (L.) huds by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Plant Biotechnol Persa 2022;4:4-9.
Copyright (c) 2022 the Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Downloads
Citations
