Wound-healing, antibacterial, and antinociceptive properties of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. leaves, along with in silico analysis

This research aimed to characterize the key components of the essential oil extracted from Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (formerly Rosmarinus officinalis L.) through hydrodistillation and to explore its in vivo wound healing, antinociceptive, and antibacterial properties. Notable compounds identified in the essential oil included d-camphor, camphene, α-pinene, and eucalyptol. In vivo experiments involved inducing wounds in mice, which were then treated with the essential oil, leading to significantly accelerated wound healing and repair with a topical application success rate of 82.6%. The analgesic activity of the essential oil was evaluated by the acetic acid test in mice: the results indicated that a dose of 400 mg/kg led to 96.24% pain inhibition. The antibacterial properties of S. rosmarinus were evaluated using the agar diffusion method, demonstrating strong antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zone diameters of 17 mm and 15 mm, respectively. To support the phytochemical analysis, in silico studies were made to identify potential compounds from 30 S. rosmarinus essential oils that could inhibit significant drug targets such as human cyclooxygenase-2 (hCOX-2), an anti-inflammatory target, and human transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (hTRPV1), a highly sought-after pain therapy target. These identifications were conducted using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods. Overall, this study supports the therapeutic use of S. rosmarinus for pain prevention and wound healing, underscoring its potential for developing clinically valuable products.