Original Articles

Handgrip strength in young recreational skiers: Is it related to the risk of falling?

Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Received: 22 December 2025
Published: 22 May 2026
0
Views
0
Downloads

Authors

Handgrip Strength (HGS) is correlated with general health and fitness throughout the lifespan. However, the relationship between HGS and the frequency of sports accidentsis not well understood. The aim of the present survey was twofold. Firstly, to collect HGS data from young skiers and compare them with existing normative values; secondly, to investigate whether the frequency of falls during a day of skiing is correlated with HGS. Data on HGS and falls were collected from 251 recreational downhill skiers, aged 6–25 years, on the day of recording. The results demonstrate the representative progression of HGS in boys and girls during growth and early adulthood. Additionally, the findings indicate that in young female skiers up to the age of 25 years, HGS is negatively correlated with the frequency of falls, which may be related to the generally lower muscle strength in females. Regular physical activity, including muscle strengthening and balance exercises, is crucial for preventing falls in skiers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

1. Agostinis-Sobrinho C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, et al. Longitudinal association between ideal cardiovascular health status and muscular fitness in adolescents: The LabMed Physical Activity Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018;28:892-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.05.012

2. Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sjöström M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774

3. Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Correa-Bautista JE, et al Handgrip strength and ideal cardiovascular health among colombian children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2016;179:82-89.e81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.099

4. Wind AE, Takken T, Helders PJ, Engelbert RH. Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:281-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1010-4

5. Morrissey MC, Seto JL, Brewster CE, Kerlan RK. Conditioning for skiing and ski injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987;8:428-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1987.8.9.428

6. Burtscher M, Federolf PA, Nachbauer W, Kopp M. Potential health benefits from downhill skiing. Front Physiol 2018;9:1924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01924

7. Pötzelsberger B, Kösters A, Finkenzeller T, Müller E. Effect of aging on muscle and tendon properties in highly functioning elderly people. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019;29:35-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13372

8. Zwick EB, Kocher R. Growth dynamics in the context of pediatric sports injuries and overuse. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2014;18:465-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1389263

9. Ruedl G, Posch M, Tecklenburg K, et al. Impact of ski geometry data and standing height ratio on the ACL injury risk and its use for prevention in recreational skiers. Br J Sports Med 2022:bjsports-2021-105221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105221

10. Burtscher J, Strasser B, Ruedl G, et al. Hand-grip strength in recreational downhill skiers: a comparison to normative reference values. Eur J Transl Myol 2024;34:13021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2024.13021

11. Wang YC, Bohannon RW, Li X, et al. Hand-grip strength: normative reference values and equations for individuals 18 to 85 years of age residing in the United States. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48:685-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7851

12. Menz V, Philippe M, Pocecco E, et al. The use of medication and alcohol in recreational downhill skiers: Results of a survey including 816 subjects in Tyrol. J Sci Med Sport 2019;22:S22-S26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.014

13. De Miguel-Etayo P, Gracia-Marco L, Ortega FB, et al. Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study. Int J Obesity 2014;38:S57-S66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.136

14. Saint-Maurice PF, Laurson K, Welk GJ, et al. Grip strength cutpoints for youth based on a clinically relevant bone health outcome. Arch Osteoporos 2018;13:92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-018-0502-0

15. Kocher MH, Oba Y, Kimura IF, et al. Allometric grip strength norms for American children. J Strength Cond Res 2019;33:2251-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002515

16. Tomkinson GR, Carver KD, Atkinson F, et al. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9-17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. Br J Sports Med 2018;52:1445-563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098253

17. Roriz De Oliveira MS, Seabra A, Freitas D, et al. Physical fitness percentile charts for children aged 6-10 from Portugal. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2014;54:780-92.

18. Rostamzadeh S, Saremi M, Abouhossein A, et al. Normative data for handgrip strength in Iranian healthy children and adolescents aged 7-18 years: comparison with international norms. Ital J Pediatr 2021;47:164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-021-01113-5

19. Gómez-Campos R, Vidal Espinoza R, de Arruda M, et al. Relationship between age and handgrip strength: Proposal of reference values from infancy to senescence. Front Public Health 2022;10:1072684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1072684

20. Zárate-Osuna F, Zapico AG, González-Gross M. Handgrip strength in children and adolescents aged 3 to 16 years and residing in Spain: new reference values. Children (Basel) 2025;12:471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040471

21. Richardson CG, Opotowsky AR, Chin C, et al. The relationship of handgrip strength to body composition and cardiopulmonary fitness in children and young adults. J Pediatr Clin Pract 2025;16:200144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedcp.2025.200144

22. Alshahrani MS, Thomas RA, Samuel PS, et al. Predictive analysis of dominant hand grip strength among young children aged 6-15 years using machine learning techniques: a decision tree and regression analysis. Front Pediatr 2025;13:1569913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1569913

23. O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:867-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.010

24. Pettersson-Pablo P, Nilsson TK, Hurtig-Wennlöf A. Handgrip strength reference intervals in Swedish, young, healthy adults: The LBA study. Nutrition 2023;105:111867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111867

25. Dodds RM, Syddall HE, Cooper R, et al. Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies. PLoS One 2014;9:e113637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637

26. Steiber N. Strong or weak handgrip? Normative reference values for the german population across the life course stratified by sex, age, and body height. PLoS One 2016;11:e0163917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163917

27. He H, Pan L, Wang D, et al. Normative values of hand grip strength in a large unselected Chinese population: evidence from the China National Health Survey. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023;14:1312-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13223

28. Ruedl G, Burtscher M. Why not consider a sex factor within the ISO 11088 ski binding setting standard? Br J Sports Med 2019;53:1127-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098572

29. Ma Y, Qiao J, Wang Z, et al. The genetic causal effect of hand grip strength on osteoporosis and falling risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024;15:1433805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1433805

30. Huang L, Shen X, Zou Y, Wang Y. Effects of BMI and grip strength on older adults' falls-A longitudinal study based on CHARLS. Front Public Health 2024;12:1415360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1415360

31. Pham T, McNeil JJ, Barker AL, et al. Longitudinal association between handgrip strength, gait speed and risk of serious falls in a community-dwelling older population. PLoS One 2023;18:e0285530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285530

32. Liu H, Hou Y, Li H, Lin J. Influencing factors of weak grip strength and fall: a study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). BMC Public Health 2022;22:2337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14753-x

33. Dong G, Guo Y, Tu J, et al. Association between grip strength level and fall experience among older Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study from the CHARLS. BMC Geriatr 2025;25:156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-05735-w

34. Torres-Costoso A, López-Muñoz P, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, et al. Association between muscular strength and bone health from children to young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020;50:1163-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01267-y

35. Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, et al. An intergenerational approach in the promotion of balance and strength for fall prevention - a mini-review. Gerontology 2011;57:304-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000320250

36. Granacher U, Gollhofer A. Is there an association between variables of postural control and strength in prepubertal children? J Strength Cond Res 2012;26:210-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821b7c30

37. Arvandi M, Strasser B, Volaklis K, et al. Mediator effect of balance problems on association between grip strength and falls in older adults: results from the KORA-age study. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018;4:2333721418760122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721418760122

38. Gruber M, Gruber SB, Taube W, et al. Differential effects of ballistic versus sensorimotor training on rate of force development and neural activation in humans. J Strength Cond Res 2007;21:274-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200702000-00049

39. Meyers MC, Laurent CM, Higgins RW, Skelly WA. Downhill ski injuries in children and adolescents. Sports Med 2007;37:485-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737060-00003

How to Cite



1.
Menz V, Philippe M, Pocecco E, Burtscher J, Strasser B, Ruedl G, et al. Handgrip strength in young recreational skiers: Is it related to the risk of falling?. Eur J Transl Myol [Internet]. 2026 May 22 [cited 2026 May 22];. Available from: https://www.pagepressjournals.org/bam/article/view/14764