https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2026.14900
Transition learning curve of a single surgeon performing ultrasound-guided modified lateral position percutaneous nephrolithotomy
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Published: 3 March 2026
Background: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) performed in the modified lateral position offers advantages in ergonomics, airway control, and radiation reduction. However, evidence describing the transition learning curve of surgeons previously trained in fluoroscopy-guided prone PCNL remains limited. This study evaluates learning progression, surgical efficiency, and safety outcomes as an experienced fluoroscopic surgeon adopts an ultrasound-guided modified lateral PCNL technique.
Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 70 consecutive patients who underwent ultrasound-guided modified lateral PCNL with extended legs, performed by a single surgeon experienced in fluoroscopy-guided prone PCNL. Patients were divided chronologically into three groups (cases 1-25, 26-50, and 51-70). Operative parameters, puncture characteristics, fluoroscopy time, stone-free rate (SFR), and complications were analyzed. Learning progression was assessed using cumulative summation (CUSUM) analysis based on operative time.
Results: Progressive improvements in performance were observed across the series. The proportion of single-attempt punctures increased from 40% to 75% (p=0.023), while upper calyceal access increased from 8% to 70% (p<0.001). Median operative, puncture, and fluoroscopy times all decreased significantly across the series. The overall SFR was 95.7%, increasing to 100% in the final group, with predominantly minor complications and no transfusion events. CUSUM analysis demonstrated a proficiency plateau at approximately 40 cases.
Conclusions: Surgeons experienced in fluoroscopy-guided prone PCNL can achieve proficiency in ultrasound-guided modified lateral PCNL after approximately 40 cases, with improved efficiency, enhanced puncture precision, and reduced radiation exposure, without compromising safety or stone-free outcomes.
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Ethics Approval
this study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No. 98/HĐĐĐ).CRediT authorship contribution
Ngoc Thai Nguyen, participation in research design, research perfomance, data acquisition, writing – original drafting, contribution to surgical and technical data interpretation. Shinnosuke Kuroda, participation in research design, data interpretation, writing – original drafting, writing – review & editing. Trong Nhan Tran, participation research perfomance, data collection, data analysis, writing – original drafting. Thanh Vu Phung, participation in research design, performance of the research, data analysis, writing – original drafting. Huynh Dang Khoa Nguyen, participation in research design, supervision of the study, data interpretation, writing – original drafting, final approval of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript, and agree to take public responsibility for its content.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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