Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Chromolaena odorata (L.) medicinal plant extracts

Chromolaena odorata, or Siam weed, is an invasive plant species that inhibits crop growth. Ethanolic extracts of C. odorata were assessed across various plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) to compare their phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Results revealed that all samples, with particular emphasis on the leaf extracts, contained significant amounts of phenolic and flavonoid secondary metabolites. The ethanolic extracts of C. odorata exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. This comprehensive methodology provides an alternative strategy for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and indicates potential medicinal applications utilizing plantbased natural remedies.

Eze FN, Jayeoye TJ. Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed): A natural reservoir of bioactive compounds with potent anti-fibrillogenic, antioxidative, and cytocompatible properties. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;141:111811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111811

Olawale F, Olofinsan K, Iwaloye O. Biological activities of Chromolaena odorata: A mechanistic review. S Afr J 2022;144:44-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.09.001

Uyi OO, Ekhator F, Ikuenobe CE, et al. Chromolaena odorata invasion in Nigeria: A case for coordinated biological control. Manag Biol Invasion 2014;5:377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2014.5.4.09

Sirinthipaporn A, Jiraungkoorskul W. Wound healing property review of siam weed, Chromolaena odorata. Pharmacogn Rev 2017;11:35-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_53_16

Phan T-T, Wang L, See P, et al. Phenolic compounds of Chromolaena odorata protect cultured skin cells from oxidative damage: implication for cutaneous wound healing. Biol Pharm Bull 2001;24:1373-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.24.1373

Thang PT, Teik LS, Yung CS. Anti-oxidant effects of the extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata on human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes against hydrogen peroxide and hypoxanthine–xanthine oxidase induced damage. Burns 2001;27:319-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(00)00137-6

Budha Magar A, Shrestha D, Pakka S, Sharma KR. Phytochemistry, biological, and toxicity study on aqueous and methanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata. Sci World J 2023;2023:6689271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6689271

Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, et al. Towards advances in medicinal plant antimicrobial activity: A review study on challenges and future perspectives. Microorganisms 2021;9:2041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102041

Aziz N, Mohamad M, Mohsin H, et al. The pharmacological properties and medicinal potential of Chromolaena odorata: A review. Int J Pharm 2020;2:30-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24191/IJPNaCS.v2.04

Park WS, Kim H-J, Li M, et al. Two classes of pigments, carotenoids and C-phycocyanin, in Spirulina powder and their antioxidant activities. Molecules 2018;23:2065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082065

Shraim AM, Ahmed TA, Rahman MM, Hijji YM. Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT 2021;150:111932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932

Pan-utai W, Boonpok S, Pornpukdeewattana S. Combination of mechanical and chemical extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and its properties of microencapsulation. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2021;33:101979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101979

Pan-utai W, Pantoa T, Roytrakul S, et al. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant potential of valuable protein from Ulva rigida macroalgae. Life 2023;13:86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010086

Amarowicz R, Pegg RB. Chapter One - Natural antioxidants of plant origin. In: Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, editors. Advances in food and nutrition research. 90: Academic Press; 2019. p. 1-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.011

Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal 2016;6:71-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005

Njateng GS, Du Z, Gatsing D, et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae). BMC Complement Med Ther 2017;17:99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1572-z

Hu J, Qi Q, Zhu Y, et al. Unveiling the anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidative properties, and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/ GC–MS metabolite profile of the lipophilic extract of siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). Arab J Chem 2023;16:104834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104834

Upadhyay H, Juneja A, Turabieh H, et al. Exploration of crucial factors involved in plants development using the fuzzy AHP method. Math Probl Eng 2022;2022:4279694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4279694

Yang B, Cui M, Dai Z, et al. Non-additive effects of environmental factors on growth and physiology of invasive Solidago canadensis and a Co-occurring native species (Artemisia argyi). Plants 2023;12:128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010128

Dandjlessa J, Ezin B, Assogba M, et al. Variation in phytochemical composition of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) across climatic zone in Benin (West Africa). Chem Rev Lett 2022;5:193-9.

Hanphanphoom S, Krajangsang S. Antimicrobial activity of Chromolaena odorata extracts against bacterial human skin infections. Mod Appl Sci 2016;10:159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n2p159

Maury GL, Rodríguez DM, Hendrix S, et al. Antioxidants in plants: A valorization potential emphasizing the need for the conservation of plant biodiversity in Cuba. Antioxidants. 2020;9:1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111048

Shi L, Zhao W, Yang Z, et al. Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022;29:81112-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23337-6

Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, et al. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096

Joshi RK. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King & H. Rob. roots from India. J Chem 2013;2013:195057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/195057

Suksamrarn A, Chotipong A, Suavansri T, et al. Antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chromolaena odorata. Arch Pharm Res 2004;27:507-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980123

Tambunan I, Siringo-Ringo E, Julianti Butar-Butar M, et al. Phytochemical screening, identification of compounds, and antioxidant activity test of sirsak extract (Annona muricata, L.) leaf grown in North Sumatra, Indonesia. IJALSR 2024;07:132-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i02.011

Kasote DM, Katyare SS, Hegde MV, Bae H. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Sci 2015;11:982-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.12096

Putri DA, Fatmawati S. A new flavanone as a potent antioxidant isolated from Chromolaena odorata L. Leaves. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2019;2019:1453612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1453612

Boudjeko T, Megnekou R, Woguia AL, et al. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides from Allanblackia floribunda Oliv stem bark and Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H.E. Robins leaves. BMC Res Notes 2015;8:759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1703-x

Zige DV, Ohimain EI, Nodu MB. Antibacterial activity of ethanol, crude and water extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves on S. typhi and E. coli. GJMA 2013;1:016-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMA.2013.2.110713950

Ifeanyi N, Chinanu A, Chibueze U, et al., In vitro antibacterial effect of crude extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves on wound isolates. IOSR-JPBS 2016;11:49-52.

Bishoyi AK, Sahoo CR, Samal P, et al. Unveiling the antibacterial and antifungal potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Chromolaena odorata leaves. Sci Rep 2024;14:7513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57972-5

Atindehou M, Lagnika L, Guérold B, et al. Isolation and identification of two antibacterial agents from Chromolaena odorata L. active against four Diarrheal strains. AIM 2013;3:115-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2013.31018

Omokhua AG, McGaw LJ, Chukwujekwu JC, et al. A comparison of the antimicrobial activity and in vitro toxicity of a medicinally useful biotype of invasive Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) with a biotype not used in traditional medicine. S Afr J 2017;108:200-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.017

Alabi M, Olusola-Makinde O, Oladunmoye M. Unlocking the antibacterial efficacy of Chromolaena odorata extract in wound healing. Microbes Infect Dis. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mid.2024.266605.1783

Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in middle eastern plants. Front microbiol 2019;10:911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00911