Brassica oleracea var. italica extract reducing free radicals and inflammation initiated by an exposure to cigarette smoke
https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2023.11210
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Introduction: Herbal extracts are often administered to cigarette smokers to prevent excessive free radicals. These include Brassica oleracea var. Italica, known to contain high antioxidant flavonoids and selenium micronutrients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the efficacy of Brassica oleracea var extract. italica in reducing the free radicals and inflammation present in experimental animals exposed to cigarette smoke.
Design and Methods: This research was conducted based on an experimental method using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for 21 days. The animals used were divided into six groups (negative control, positive control, and four treatments). Particularly, the positive control and treatment groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 minutes, twice a day, at 50 PPM CO levels. The treatment groups were administered the extract at different doses (0.5 ml; 0.75 ml; 1 ml; 1.25 ml), before assessing the blood level of malondialdehyde and C-Reactive Protein.
Result: The results showed the tendency for exposure to smoke to increase the number of free radicals and stimulate inflammation responses in the body (P<0,05). In addition, a strong correlation between variables was established (p=0.000; r=0.713).
Conclusions: Broccoli extracts (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) administration has the potential to cause a decline in the two aspects, including free radicals and inflammation responses resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke.
Lorensia A, Muntu CM, Suryadinata RV, et al. Effect of lung function disorders and physical activity on smoking and non-smoking students. J Prev Med Hygiene 2021;62:E89-E96.
West R. Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health 2017;32:1018–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890
Drope J, Schluger N, Cahn Z, et al. The Tobacco Atlas. Atlanta: American Cancer Society and Vital Strategies. Am Cancer Soc 2018;26 p.
Jamal A, King BA, Neff LJ, et al. Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1205–1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a2
Saleheen D, Zhao W, Rasheed A. Epidemiology and Public Health Policy of Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014;34:1811–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303826
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014. PMID: 24455788.
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B. Selenium Linked to Increased Antioxidant Levels and Decreased Free Radicals in Lung Tissue of Wistar Rats Exposed to E-Cigarette Smoke. J Global Pharma Technol 2020;12:32-39.
Khanna A, Guo M, Mehra M, et al. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Cigarette Smoke in Lewis Rat Brains. J Neuroimmunol 2013;254:69–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.09.006
Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part I: Atherosclerotic disease process. Biomarkers in Medicine 2009;3:411-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm.09.32
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B, Adriani M, et al. Effects of knowledge of vitamin D on attitudes toward sun exposure among middle-aged and elderly Indonesian adults. Indian J Public Health Res Develop 2018;9:11-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.01686.8
Bardaweel SK, Gul M, Alzweiri M, et al. Reactive Oxygen Species: the Dual Role in Physiological and Pathological Conditions of the Human Body. Eurasian J Med 2018;50:193–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17397
Weng M, Xie X, Liu C, et al. The Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species and Its Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsons Dis 2018;9163040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9163040
Wang Y, Chun O, Song W. Plasma and dietary antioxidant status as cardiovascular disease risk factors: A review of human studies. Nutrients 2013;5:2969-3004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5082969
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B, Adriani M. Efektivitas penurunan malondialdehyde dengan kombinasi suplemen antioksidan superoxide dismutase melon dengan gliadin akibat paparan asap rokok. Global Medical and Health Communication 2017;5:79-83 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v5i2.1860
Biswas S, Das R, Banerjee ER. Role of free radicals in human inflammatory diseases. AIMS Biophysics 2017;4:596-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2017.4.596
Hussain T, Tan B, Yin Y, et al. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016;1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7432797
Sami FJ, Rahimah S. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol bunga brokoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) dengan metode DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) dan metode ABTS (2,2 azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolin)-6-asam sulfonat). [Test di attività antiossidante dell'estratto metanolo di fiori di broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) utilizzando i metodi DPPH (2,2 difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl) e ABTS (2,2 azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina)-6-solfonico)) .] Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia 2015;2:107-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v2i2.179
Suryadinata RV, Sukarno DA, Sardjono SC, et al. Antioxidant activity in red mulberries on sperm development exposed by cigarette smoke. Bali Med J 2021;10:583-586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v10i2.2329
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B. The Molecular Pathways of Lung Damage by E-Cigarette in Experimental Mice. Sultan Qaboos University Med J 2021;1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.4.2021.003
Cherian DA, Peter T, Narayanan A, et al. Malondialdehyde as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis Patients. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019;11: S297–S300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_17_19
Cui X, Gang J, Han H, et al. Relationship between free and total malondialdehyde, a well-established marker of oxidative stress, in various types of human biospecimens. J Thorac Dis 2018;10:3088–3097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.05.92
Ito F, Sono Y, Ito T. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress: Oxidative Stress in Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Chronic Inflammation. Antioxidants 2019;8:72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8030072
Mantovani A, Dinarello C, Molgora M, et al. Interleukin-1 and Related Cytokines in the Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity. Immunity 2019;50:778-795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.012
Borsini A, Benedetto M, Giacobbe J, et al. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Interleukin in Vitro: Relevance for Major Depression and Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020;23:738-750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa055
Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB. Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Ind J Clin Biochem 2015;30:11–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 2018;9:7204–7218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23208
Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 2010;140:805-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022
Jee Y, Jung KJ, Lee S, et al. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in young men: the Korean Life Course Health Study. BMJ Open 2019;9: e024453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024453
Azlina MFN, Qodriyah MS, Kamisah Y. Tocopherol and Tocotrienol: Therapeutic Potential in Animal Models of Stress. Curr Drug Targets 2018;19:1456-1462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450118666171122130338
Peternelj TT, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: beneficial or detrimental? Sports Med 2011;41:1043-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11594400-000000000-00000
Lohan SB, Vitt K, Scholz P, et al. ROS production and glutathione response in keratinocytes after application of β-carotene and VIS/NIR irradiation. Chem Biol Interact 2018;280:1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.002
Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, et al. Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 2018;9:17181–17198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729
Teixeira J, Chavarria D, Borges F, et al. Dietary Polyphenols and Mitochondrial Function: Role in Health and Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019;26:3376-3406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170529101810
Suryadinata RV, Lorensia A, Sefania K. Effectiveness of Lime Peel Extract (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) against C-Reactive Protein Levels in Alloxan-Induced Wistar Rats. Global Medical and Health Communication 2021;9:23-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v9i1.6227
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi G, Lorensia A. The time pattern of selenomethionine administration in preventing free radicals due to exposure to electric cigarette smoke. J Public Health Res 2021;10:2232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2232
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Downloads
Citations
